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Publicación Sólo datos Application of neural networks in the teacher selection process(2023-01-31) Christian Ovalle; Wilver Auccahuasi; Sandra Meza; Karin Franklin-Cordova-Buiza; Miryam Rojas; Miryam Cosme; Gabriel Inciso-Rojas; Hernando Martin Campos Aiquipa; Alfonso Martínez; Aly FuentesThe information and communications technologies are revolutionizing the classic ways of carrying out the processes, in particular, for the teacher selection processes we have the classic form of evaluation, according to the criteria of each educational institution, in the present work it is presented a teacher selection model, using neural networks, using 3 criteria and 23 characteristics, which are entered into individual networks for each criterion and additionally a network for the final classification, is presented based on a prototype, an application developed with the computational tool Matlab, which is described in detail for its application and scaling, for purposes of measuring the performance of the network, evaluations were carried out with a group of 30 candidates, grouped into two groups, a group of 15 candidates with positive conditions complying with the policies of the educational institution and a second group with candidates who do not meet the policies of the educational institution, with which sensitivity values of 93% and a specificity level of 86% were obtained, we conclude that the model presented can be replicated and conditioned to the needs and policies of each educational institution.Publicación Sólo datos Are Sustainable Health Workforces Possible? Issues and a Possible Remedy(2023-02-15) Gareth H Rees; Rosemary James; Levan Samadashvili; Cris ScotterThe 2020–2022 period of the global COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fact that many countries health systems had inadequate health workforce availability. This is despite sustainable health workforces being critical to health service and healthcare delivery, an acknowledgement that drove the significant investment and focus on health workforce development over the previous two decades. As such, this review article discusses health workforce governance and planning, notes its weaknesses, and identifies some of the barriers to the implementation of health workforce policy making and planning and the achievement of sustainable health workforces. Important is the recognition that health workforce planning is long-term in nature, while health workforce decision-making processes are dominated by political processes that have much shorter time frames. The article concludes by offering the approach of backcasting to overcome this dichotomy.Publicación Sólo datos Attributional Triadic Relationships between End-Users, Specifiers, and Vendors: Evidence from Building Supply Retailers(2022-10-11) Walter Palomino-Tamayo; Jose Luis Wakabayashi Muroya; Jorge Bullemore CampbellPurpose – This study proposes to evaluate product attributes in an unusual triad of actors: end-users, vendors, and specifiers. The differences in perceptions of product attributes between these triadic actors can bias strategic marketing decisions for functional and aesthetic products in a building supply retailer, which is understudied in the retail literature. Theoretical framework – The study uses the attribution theory approach and provides a new perspective to explain differences in attribute evaluations in this triad (end user-specifier-vendor). Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses are tested in two countries’ functional and aesthetic building material categories. Attribute evaluations were performed using the ranking method and Borda count. We used ANOVA, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and the Mahalanobis squared distance (MSD) for the estimations. Findings – The hypothesis tests confirmed the difference in attribute evaluations between end-users, vendors, and specifiers for functional products; however, as we hypothesized, no difference was found for aesthetic products. Practical & social implications of research – Our discussion will help retail practitioners avoid bias in marketing strategy. In the development of new products, manufacturing companies should consider differences between actors, especiallyin collaborative product developments. Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature by using an attribution theory approach and provides a new perspective to explain differences in attribute evaluations in this triad (end-user-specifier-vendor). We provide insights into allocating causes and responsibility in product attribute selection.Publicación Sólo datos Autoeficacia, autoestima y compromiso en profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia covid-19 en el Perú(2023-04-01) Jose Ventura Egoávil; Alexander Sosa HuichiIntroducción: Los profesionales de enfermería han enfrentado en primera línea la crisis sanitaria de la pandemia producida por la COVID 19. Fueron sorprendidos sin una preparación técnica, material y de conocimientos por lo cual recurrieron a sus propios recursos como la autoestima y la autoeficacia para elevar su desempeño y compromiso con la salud pública. En el Perú se reportó que, durante los dos primeros años de la pandemia, de 37 mil profesionales de enfermería, casi un 1/3 contrajeron el virus y aproximadamente, 180 fallecieron a causa de la Covid-19. Objetivos: Medir el efecto de la autoestima y la autoeficacia sobre el compromiso engagement en profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia de la Covid-19. Métodos: Investigación Explicativa Correlacional de corte transversal, en una muestra de 387 profesionales de enfermería peruanos. Se hizo un análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial de correlaciones y regresiones. Se usó el software SPSS26. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron correlaciones positivas y altamente significativas entre las variables, autoeficacia, autoestima y compromiso (engagement). Así mismo se identificó valores de predictibilidad superior al 50%, sobre el compromiso (engagement). Conclusiones: Los profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia se percibieron con un nivel de autoeficacia promedio, altos niveles de autoestima y un nivel de compromiso medio (engagement). Los recursos personales, autoeficacia y autoestima, lograron predecir el compromiso (engagement) de los profesionales de enfermería en las dimensiones de vigor, dedicación y absorción.Publicación Sólo datos Becoming a Multilatina: strategic capabilities as necessary conditions for the internationalization of Latin American firms(2023-12-07) Michel Hermans; Armando Borda; William Newburry; Carlos Oswaldo Cordova Chea; Diego Finchelstein; Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez; Miguel A. Montoya-Bayardo; Gerardo Velasco; Juan Velez-OcampoPurpose This study aims to challenge the generic interpretation of Multilatinas as Latin American firms that have been able to internationalize because of highly competitive strategic capabilities. The authors test whether capabilities that international business researchers commonly associate with internationalization are necessary at different stages of the internationalization process to better understand the extent to which emerging market (EM) firms need to develop them. Design/methodology/approach International business research suggests a positive association between strategic capabilities and firm internalization. However, it remains unclear what specific capabilities are necessary and when they are necessary. These questions are particularly important in the context of the internationalization of firms from emerging economies, such as Latin America. The authors apply necessary condition analysis (NCA) on a sample of Latin American firms at different internationalization stages to test what strategic capabilities represent necessary conditions for becoming a Multilatina. Findings The findings suggest that only a few strategic capabilities are necessary for Latin American firms to become “Multilatinas”. While entrepreneurial orientation and marketing and sales capabilities represent necessary conditions, EM firms may internationalize even though other capabilities are developed to a lesser extent. The authors reflect on how shifts in local markets and technology drive the emergence of different types of Multilatinas. Research limitations/implications Measuring strategic capabilities across multiple EM firms implies a risk that firm-specific aspects are not fully captured. While the authors focused on the comparative competitive strength of capabilities and took great care to minimize measurement error, the authors acknowledge possible bias. Also, while NCA does not require a minimum sample size, findings from our sample of firms from four countries may not generalize to the region or other EMs. Originality/value As a relatively new statistical technique, the use of NCA has spread rapidly. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the linkage between organizational capabilities and firm internationalization has not been tested from a necessary conditions perspective yet. The reflections on the “Multilatina” concept based on the notion of EM firms as configurations of strategic capabilities inform current debates on EM multinational enterprises.Publicación Sólo datos Características de las cartas al editor publicadas en revistas de educación médica editadas en español, 2015-2020(2022-10-09) Sergio Armando Dextre-Vilchez; Richard Jeremy Febres-Ramos; Rocío Paola Vásquez-Mercado; José Ventura-EgoávilIntroducción: Los lectores manifiestan sus comentarios en forma de cartas al editor sobre artículos previamente publicados, de investigaciones originales que no llegan al artículo original o sobre temas generales que requieren atención debido a su novedad. Ello tiene la posibilidad de recibir una respuesta en forma de réplica. Objetivo: Describir las características de las cartas al editor publicadas durante el periodo 2015-2020 en las revistas de educación médica en español indizadas en SciELO o Scopus. Método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y de tipo bibliométrico de las cartas al editor de las revistas: Educación Médica, Educación Médica Superior, Investigación en Educación Médica y la Revista de la Fundación Educación Médica. El periodo abarcado fue de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2020. Resultados: El promedio anual de cartas al editor fue de 13.23%, con un valor mínimo de 6.58%, en 2015; y máximo de 18.41%, en 2018. La filiación institucional de universidades fue la más frecuente (84.71%). La mayoría de autores tenía filiación peruana (43.80%) y el sexo masculino (78.93%). Las cartas redactadas en idioma español fueron el 99.59%. En relación con el propósito general, predominaron las de comentario general (42.56%) y comentarios sobre artículos previamente publicados (40.50%). La media de citas fue de 4.24 y la de hallazgos propios tuvo la mayor media con 6.39. Únicamente 11 cartas tuvieron réplicas. La media de autores fue 2.02. Conclusiones: La publicación de cartas al editor tuvo un incremento con los años, sigue siendo frecuente su uso como medio de crítica; sin embargo, no se vio frecuente la retroalimentación e intercambio de ideas a través de la réplica.Publicación Sólo datos Conductas elegidas o forzadas a elegir: normas y valores asumidos por los ejecutivos(2023-04-10) Deivit Wilfredo Reynoso Espinoza; Lydia Arbaiza FerminiEsta investigación describe algunos de los valores y las normas que los ejecutivos de empresas utilizan para elegir sus conductas en los entornos laborales, sociales y familiares. Usando metodología cualitativa, la recolección de datos se realizó con el apoyo de la técnica proyectiva denominada “historia de vida”. La codificación y análisis de la técnica aplicada permitió el reporte de normas y valores que se encuentran en uso por los ejecutivos. En esta investigación participaron cincuenta y tres ejecutivos de empresas de distintos sectores. Los análisis muestran que los ejecutivos siguen y alinean sus conductas a normas y valores que demuestran sus membresías con los grupos. Estos lineamientos tienen efectos positivos y, en otros, negativos para sí mismos, su familia, sus compañeros de trabajo y de sus amigos. Entre los primeros, los ejecutivos buscan demostrar y exigir el uso rentable del tiempo, lograr el desarrollo y crecimiento organizacional y alcanzar posiciones de liderazgo. También se observan marcos de referencia para sus conductas con efectos no positivos o ambiguos. Entre estos se muestra que los ejecutivos presentan como normas y valores el estar dispuestos a sacrificar su tiempo familiar por los objetivos de la empresa, tolerar condiciones de maltrato y maltratar, y mantenerse al margen o involucrarse lo menos posible con las personas con las que trabajan. Lo descrito en el estudio podría permitir proponer que los ejecutivos siguen las normas y valores (NV) que perciben como propias y determinantes para demostrar su membresía. Este carácter de exigencia hace que racionalicen y transfieran al exterior la responsabilidad de las consecuencias a sus conductas.Publicación Sólo datos Corporate social responsibility strategies beyond the sphere of influence: Cases from the Peruvian mining industry(2023-12-13) Cesar SaenzOne of the main causes of social conflicts in the mining industry is the inappropriate distribution of benefits to communities within and beyond the sphere of influence of companies' mining operations. In order to prevent social conflicts, companies are implementing social programs to develop of these communities. The objective of this research is to identify the CSR strategies used by mining companies in the communities beyond their spheres of influence in Peru. With this goal in mind, a qualitative study was carried out using case study methodology and multiple sources of information. The results show that companies progress through a process from using no social responsibility strategy to using the compliance, paternalistic, and finally the multi-actor strategies, depending on the relationship they have with communities beyond the sphere of influence.Publicación Sólo datos Corporate structure and prevention: The three lines model applied to Latin American companies(2024-02-08) Edmundo R. Lizarzaburu; Kurt Burneo Farfan; Maria Camacho; Conrado Diego García-GómezThe economic environment in which enterprises operate is increasingly harsh and complex, making business more complex, volatile and uncertain. This context requires a change in the management model based on the three fundamental pillars of governance, risk management and regulatory compliance. In this sense, the presentation of the three-line model is considered particularly useful, as it has become one of the most recognized management tools internationally due to its flexibility and adaptability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the current literature on this management model and then analyze its applicability in business practice through a case study. In particular, the analysis of four companies in the Ibero-American energy sector (Petrobras, Codelco, Ecopetrol, and Iberdrola) reveals that, although the adaptation of the model is generally comprehensive and universal in all aspects, its flexibility is very Large allows adaptation to any organization’s needs and structure. Finally, the study draws some conclusions weighing the theoretical development of the three-line model and its applicability and usefulness to managers as well as researchers and legislators who want to strengthen national business structures.Publicación Sólo datos Corrupción organizacional: Una propuesta de marco teórico(2022-04-27) Sergio Morales Inga; Oswaldo Morales TristánDiferente de los casos típicos de crimen corporativo, el término corrupción organizacional es empleado por diversos estudios para referir a aquella conducta corrupta cuyo principal beneficiario no es el individuo sino la organización. Mediante una revisión de literatura, este artículo discute los principales mecanismos (socialización, normalización y racionalización) y rasgos (vinculados a elementos organizativos como estructura, liderazgo, ética empresarial, cultura organizacional y cultura nacional) de la corrupción organizacional. Como aporte, esta revisión propone un marco teórico para una comprensión cualitativa de los mecanismos y rasgos que posibilitan la transmisión y evolución de la corrupción organizacional. Asimismo, como finalidad, este artículo señala que una mejor comprensión del fenómeno citado permitirá diseñar políticas anticorrupción mejor adaptadas a su inherente complejidad.Publicación Sólo datos Corruption, national culture and corporate investment: European evidence(2022-11-08) Conrado Diego García-Gómez; Ender Demir; José María Díez-Esteban; Edmundo Lizarzaburu BolañosIn this paper, we provide further evidence about the influence of corruption on corporate investment. Using a large sample of the European region non-financial firms for the period 2011–2020, our results suggest that corruption in Europe negatively affects corporate investment, thus, supporting the ‘sanding the wheel' hypothesis. This relationship is moderated by all six dimensions of the national culture proposed by Hofstede. Using appropriate panel data methodology, namely GMM estimations, we find that a higher degree of uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity, and indulgence exacerbate the adverse effects of corruption on corporate investment while a higher degree of long-term orientation and individualism alleviates this effect.Publicación Sólo datos COVID 19 Effect on Venezuelan Migrants’ Income: The Peruvian Case Research Study(2023-09-30) Jorge Guillen; Lydia ArbaizaThis paper shed light on analyzing the effect of the Pandemic on Venezuelan Migrants’ Income in Peru. The Covid 19 Pandemic (Coronavirus Pandemic) enforced governments to apply the “Hammer Blow” which produced recession and consequently unemployment. Governments offset the latter effect by applying some subsidies to the Poor. The subsidy was not delivered to Venezuelan Immigrants in Peru. Therefore, our study attempts to explore the effect of the Coronavirus Pandemic on the Income of Venezuelan Immigrants. The study controls for gender and discrimination. Since 2017, the economic and political situation in Venezuela triggered migration beyond their frontiers. Peru is the second country with the high migration of Venezuelans, the first is Colombia which is the neighborhood. The migration reduced the labor force in the country that receives the population but in some cases, the delinquency rates increased after the wave of Venezuelans relocated to a particular country. We consider the survey: “Encuesta Nacional de la Población Venezolana en Peru” (ENPOVE) to perform the study which was conducted during the peak of migration.Publicación Sólo datos Creating shared value strategies to reach the United Nations sustainable development goals: Evidence from the mining industry(2023-04-17) Cesar SaenzThe concept of shared value creation implies that firms can concomitantly create both monetary and social values by focusing on the needs and challenges of society. The definition of “shared value” has been extended within multiple doctrines. Its present expression is obscure, covers numerous other (related) ideas, and lacks factual establishment. The primary purpose of this research is to clarify the meaning of shared value in the mining industry by using terms from the stakeholders’ and strategy literature. To this end, a sample list of 27 mining firms was acquired from the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). In addition, a complete examination based on secondary sources, such as corporate social responsibility reports was made. The evidence shows that the framework proposed requires the following terms to clarify the meaning of shared value: creating shared value strategies, types of processes in the industry, initiatives, stakeholders, and sustainable development goals.Publicación Sólo datos CSR in Education on Business Confidence: Mediation Effect of Corporate Reputation in the Peruvian Banking Sector(2022-01-12) Edmundo Lizarzaburu Bolaños; Jesús Del Brío; Conrado Diego García-GómezThis paper analyzes the direct influence of CSR educational actions on business confidence in the context of the banking sector in an emerging country (Peru). A mediating effect through corporate reputation is also analyzed. To test the hypotheses presented in this paper, we have sent a survey to 1745 executive officers of the branches of the banks. These key individuals were selected as the target population of the study because the authors sought to study the management’s perception of CSR and business confidence. From the data obtained from the survey, it has been tested that educational CSR actions in Peruvian banks directly influences the perception of business confidence. Secondly, this relationship is partially mediated by the effect of CSR educational actions on corporate reputation.Publicación Sólo datos Determinants of Inbound Tourism Revenues in Peru: Evidence from a Crisis Period(2022-04-21) Sarela Enriquez-Perales; Conrado Diego Garcia-Gomez; Edmundo R Lizarzaburu BolanosThe strand of the tourism literature focusing on emerging markets is relatively scarce. However, the increasing importance of tourism activity in emerging economies in the last years is moving the academic attention to countries like Peru, where tourism activity has become an essential part of its recent economic development. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the determinants of tourism demand in Peru, by estimating a single-equation model for the period 2007-2011. Specifically, it is proposed as a tool to analyze and understand the recent evolution of this industry as the basis for growth in the Andean country. The obtained results confirm the positive relationship between the real income of non-resident tourists and tourism demand, while tourism in Peru is not eligible as a luxury good. Additionally, it is shown that there is not a high sensitivity of real income from tourism to inflation differentials. The obtained results provide important implications for policymakers. Namely, it becomes relevant to better understand a country’s tourism demand determinants in order to consolidate its economic contribution in times of economic recession.Publicación Sólo datos Determinants of Short- and Long-Term Commercial Lending Rates in Peru, 2010–2022(2023-12-27) Sergio Bravo OrellanaShort- and long-term interest rates are crucial for investment and, thus, business dynamism. The injection of money depends on the ability to promote cash flows through credit which boosts productive sectors. In the last decade, among Latin American countries, Peru has stood out for its key financial system and macroeconomic stability characteristics. The Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP) plays a key role in setting the reference rate given its autonomy and strong institutional trust. However, the mixed pension system injects liquidity into the financial system through its private contributions. For the purposes of this study, an autoregressive econometric model of distributed lags (ARDL) was employed. The findings reveal that the reference rate set by the BCRP establishes a long-term relationship for both short and long-term rates, empirically demonstrating the effectiveness of monetary policy. Additionally, the liquidity provided by the pension system triggers an immediate shock response in determining the short-term rate. It is also observed that the issuance of sovereign bonds is a robust tool in determining the long-term rate due to its facilitation of credit access. This research is relevant for identifying macroeconomic and financial variables and guiding the formulation of macroeconomic policies.Publicación Sólo datos Deviations from fundamental value and future closed-end country fund returns(2021-08-25) Luis Berggrun; Emilio Cardona; Edmundo LizarzaburuPurpose This article examines whether deviations from fundamental value or closed-end country fund's discounts or premiums forecast future share price returns or net asset returns. Design/methodology/approach The main empirical (econometric) tool is a vector autoregressive (VAR) model. The authors model share price returns and net asset returns as a function of their lagged values, the discounts or premiums, and a control variable for local market returns. The authors also conduct Dickey Fuller and Granger causality tests as well as impulse response functions. Findings It was found that deviations from fundamental value do predict share price returns. This predictability is contrary to weak-form market efficiency. Premiums or discounts predict net asset returns but weakly. Originality/value The findings point to the idea that the closed-end fund market is somewhat predictable and inefficient (in its weak form) since the market appears to be able to anticipate a fund's future returns using information contained in the premiums (or discounts). In particular, the market has the ability to anticipate future behaviour because growing premiums forecast declining share price returns for one or two periods ahead.Publicación Sólo datos Discusión de los roles de las actividades de la empresa, los consumidores y los grupos de interés en el cambio del valor de las marcas(2023-01-30) Deivit Wilfredo Reynoso Espinoza; Lydia Arbaiza FerminiEste ensayo discute sobre algunos de los grupos y roles que se deben considerar en el análisis de los cambios en el valor de las marcas. Se plantean los roles activos y pasivos que tienen: las actividades de la empresa, los grupos de interés de la empresa y los consumidores. Las actividades de las empresas se vinculan con el valor de las marcas directamente a través de sus productos, pero especialmente por la experiencia, identidad y la moral de sus procesos. Los grupos de interés agregan la perspectiva que genera la imagen ética de la empresa en el valor de las marcas, como lo son las responsabilidades medioambientales, su integridad y la creación de valor compartido. Los consumidores son los principales agentes modificadores del valor de la marca. Estos no solo ligan el valor del producto adquirido con la satisfacción de la necesidad, sino agregan constructos sociales que identifican, distinguen y pueden clasificar a las empresas modificando su valor, gracias a la difusión de boca a boca físico y virtual (redes sociales). Este ensayo cobra especial importancia porque en los últimos años sean incrementado las empresas cuyas marcas superan en valor a las de sus activos tradicionales, y se necesita de análisis adicionales para entender este fenómeno.Publicación Sólo datos Economic development, weather shocks and child marriage in South Asia: A machine learning approach(2022-09-01) Stephan Dietrich; Aline Meysonnat; Francisco Rosales; Victor Cebotari; Franziska Gassmann; Santosh KumarGlobally, 21 percent of young women are married before their 18th birthday. Despite some progress in addressing child marriage, it remains a widespread practice, in particular in South Asia. While household predictors of child marriage have been studied extensively in the literature, the evidence base on macro-economic factors contributing to child marriage and models that predict where child marriage cases are most likely to occur remains limited. In this paper we aim to fill this gap and explore region-level indicators to predict the persistence of child marriage in four countries in South Asia, namely Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. We apply machine learning techniques to child marriage data and develop a prediction model that relies largely on regional and local inputs such as droughts, floods, population growth and nightlight data to model the incidence of child marriages. We find that our gradient boosting model is able to identify a large proportion of the true child marriage cases and correctly classifies 77% of the true marriage cases, with a higher accuracy in Bangladesh (92% of the cases) and a lower accuracy in Nepal (70% of cases). In addition, all countries contain in their top 10 variables for classification nighttime light growth, a shock index of drought over the previous and the last two years and the regional level of education, suggesting that income shocks, regional economic activity and regional education levels play a significant role in predicting child marriage. Given the accuracy of the model to predict child marriage, our model is a valuable tool to support policy design in countries where household-level data remains limited.Publicación Sólo datos Economic-financial evaluation of a cement company: Cementos Pacasmayo(2022-11-29) Edmundo Lizarzaburu Bolanos; Kurt Carrasco Garces; Conrado Diego Garcia-GomezPurpose: The aim of this paper is to address a company valuation procedure by explaining the steps that must be followed from an economic-fi nancial perspective.Design methodology: We employ the study case methodology to fulfi ll all the procedure stages. Specifi cally, we analyze the Peruvian cement company “Cementos Pacasmayo”. A 10-year discounted cash fl ow (DCF) is presented and brought to present value using a discount rate (WACC) composed by the cost of debt and the cost of capital of thecompany.Findings: We can conclude that the evaluation process should always include the country, industry and company.Practical implications: Our study provides useful implications for management. On the one hand, it is important to highlight the subjectivity to predict some parameters or doing assumptions. On the other hand, it is important to understand and know a good procedure to valuate a company as an insider or a potential investor.Originality value: The proposed model consists of the economic studies of the country, sector and company, which allow the appraiser to specify certain parameters or assumptions for the elaboration of a model that approximates the value of the company.
